"May the Peace and Blessings of Allah be Upon You"
Praise be to Allaah, we seek His help and His forgiveness. We seek refuge with Allaah from the evil of our own souls and from our bad deeds. Whomsoever Allaah guides will never be led astray, and whomsoever Allaah leaves astray, no one can guide. I bear witness that there is no god but Allaah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger.
Tawheed: Sihr (Magic)
Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Islamic Studies Book 3, IIPH Publishers
Orginally posted by Imran Ayub
1. Definition of magic
Magic can be defined as the seeming control of foresight of natural forces by ritual invocation of supernatural agencies, as well as the belief that humankind can coerce nature by the use of certain rites, formulas or actions. [Reader's Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary (Funk & Wagnall's publishing Co., 10th ed., 1975), p. 813]
The study of natural phenomena, traditionally called "white" or "natural magic," developed into modern natural sciences. Distinguished from this was "black magic," or sorcery, which is the attempt to use or invoke supernatural powers for personal or sinister purposes.
Witchcraft, divination and necromancy are among the terms most commonly used when speaking about magic and its practitioners. Witchcraft is sorcery as practiced by a woman allied with a demon. Divination refers to the attempt to gain supernatural insight into the future, while necromancy, or communication with the dead, is one of the methods of divination.
2. Sihr
In Arabic, however, the term Sihr makes no distinction between the branches or magic. It includes magic, sorcery, witchcraft, divination and necromancy. It is defined in Arabic as whatever is caused by hidden or subtle forces. [Arabic – English Lexicon, Vol. 1, pp. 1316 – 1317] For example, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was reported in a hadith to have said, Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: Two men came from the East and addressed the people who wondered at their eloquent speeches On that Allah's Apostle said. "Some eloquent speech is as effective as magic." (having or exercising the power of fluent, forceful, and powefull influencing speech)
[Saheeh Bukhaari, Volume 7, Book 71, Number 662; Saheeh Muslim, Sunan Abu Daawood, Vol. 3, Number 4989; Sunan at – Tirmidhi]
Speech can sometimes be very deceptive. Any eloquent speaker can make right seem wrong and vice versa. This, the Prophet (peace be upon him) referred to some aspects of speech as being magical. The pre – dawn meal taken before fasting is called Sahoor [or Suhoor. See Arabic – English Lexicon, Vol. 1, p. 1317] (from the root sihr) because its time is in the darkness at the end of the night, which is called sahr in Arabic, because it was considered the most effective time for working spells. [Tayseer al – 'Azeez al – Hameed, p. 382]
3. The reality of magic
It has become popular in modern times to deny that magic has any reality al all. Some claim that it is only psychological, and others claim that it only affects those who believe in it. Some even claim that it is all a hoax and a series of tricks. Islam, however, considers it a reality.
It is true that much of the magic around today is only a result of trickery, using gadgets specially designed to fool audiences. But, there remain people who practice real magic by getting in contact with the Shayaateen, the evil jinns. Before looking at the jinn and their abilities, let us look at the evidence from the Quran and the Sunnah used to support the position that Islam recognizes the reality of magic.
4. Classification of magic
Just before discussing magic in the Quran, Allah, the Most High, describes the attitude of the practitioner of magic towards Allah's prophets and revelation: "And when there came to them a Messenger from Allâh (i.e. Muhammad Peace be upon him ) confirming what was with them, a party of those who were given the Scripture threw away the Book of Allâh behind their backs as if they did not know!" [The Noble Qur'an, Soorah Al-Baqarah 2:101]
After pointing out the hypocrisy of the Jews in regards to the prophets sent to them, Allah goes on to take apart a lie which they had invented about Prophet Sulaymaan (peace be upon him): "They followed what the Shayâtin (devils) gave out (falsely of the magic) in the lifetime of Sulaimân (Solomon). Sulaimân did not disbelieve, but the Shayâtin (devils) disbelieved, teaching men magic and such things that came down at Babylon to the two angels, Hârût and Mârût, but neither of these two (angels) taught anyone (such things) till they had said, "We are only for trial, so disbelieve not (by learning this magic from us)." And from these (angels) people learn that by which they cause separation between man and his wife, but they could not thus harm anyone except by Allâh's Leave. And they learn that which harms them and profits them not. And indeed they knew that the buyers of it (magic) would have no share in the Hereafter. And how bad indeed was that for which they sold their ownselves, if they but knew." [The Noble Qur'an, Soorah Al-Baqarah 2:102]
The Jews used to justify their practice of magic, called the Cabala, by claiming that they had learned it from Prophet Sulaymaan himself. Allah explains that after tossing the divined scriptures behind their backs and rejecting the last prophet, the Jews chose to follow magical formulas taught to them by devils. The devils had already committed disbelief just by teaching it. They also taught the art of sorcery called astrology. It had been taught in ancient times by two angels known as Haaroot and Maaroot who were sent as a test to the people of Babylon . The angels used to warn the people not to commit disbelief by learning sorcery before they would teach them any of its principles, but the people didn't heed their warnings. They learned how to cause enmity between people and destroy marriages to such a degree that they thought they could harm whomsoever they pleased.
However, Allah, the Exalted, is really the One Who decided who it will affect and whom it will not. The knowledge they had learned was of no real benefit to them and they only harmed themselves by learning it; because acts of disbelief are essential to the practice of real magic. So, they only harmed themselves by guaranteeing, for themselves, a place in Hell.
The Jews who learned these arts knew well that it was cursed because it was forbidden in their own scriptures. The following verses can still found in the Old Testament: "When you come into the land which the Lord your God gives you, you shall not learn to follow the abominable practices of those nations. There shall not be found among you any one who burns his son or daughters as an offering, any one who practices divination, a soothsayer, or an anger, or a sorcerer, or a charmer, or a medium, or a wizard, or a necromancer. For whomever does these things is indeed an abomination to the Lord and because of these abominable practices the Lord your God is driving them out before you." [Deuteronomy 18: 9 – 12]
But they did not obey these scriptures, pretending that they weren't there. It was also written in the Torah that whoever took part in the magical arts would forever abide in the Fire, cut totally from any of the rewards of Paradise . But they removed these verses altogether and practiced the magical arts.
Allah closes the verse on a note of pity in order to confirm the graveness of their situation. If only the Jews knew how severe the penalty of the next life is, they would realize how terrible it was for them to sell the future of their souls for a few cheap tricks in this short life.
The verse clearly defines magic as being forbidden since, "…And indeed they knew that the buyers of it (magic) would have no share in the Hereafter..." [The Noble Qur'an, Soorah Al-Baqarah 2:102]. Eternal residence in the Fire could only be a punishment for a haraam action. The verse also proves that the magician, as well as the one who learns or teaches magic, are disbelievers. The phrase, "Whoever purchases it: (i.e. acquires it)" is general in its implications: whoever acquires wealth from teaching it or whoever pays to learn it or simply whoever has knowledge of it. Allah has referred to magic as being kufr (disbelief) in the phrase, "…"We are only for trial, so disbelieve not (by learning this magic from us)..." [The Noble Qur'an, Soorah Al-Baqarah 2:102] and "…Sulaimân did not disbelieve, but the Shayâtin (devils) disbelieved, teaching men magic…" [The Noble Qur'an, Soorah Al-Baqarah 2:102]
The previously mentioned verse proves without a doubt that magic is real. Narrated Aisha: Magic was worked on Allah's Apostle so that he used to think that he had sexual relations with his wives while he actually had not (Sufyan said: That is the hardest kind of magic as it has such an effect). Then one day he said, "O 'Aisha do you know that Allah has instructed me concerning the matter I asked Him about? Two men came to me and one of them sat near my head and the other sat near my feet. The one near my head asked the other. What is wrong with this man?' The latter replied the is under the effect of magic The first one asked, Who has worked magic on him?' The other replied Labid bin Al-A'sam, a man from Bani Zuraiq who was an ally of the Jews and was a hypocrite.' The first one asked, What material did he use)?' The other replied, 'A comb and the hair stuck to it.' The first one asked, 'Where (is that)?' The other replied. 'In a skin of pollen of a male date palm tree kept under a stone in the well of Dharwan' '' So the Prophet went to that well and took out those things and said "That was the well which was shown to me (in a dream) Its water looked like the infusion of Henna leaves and its date-palm trees looked like the heads of devils." The Prophet added, "Then that thing was taken out' I said (to the Prophet ) "Why do you not treat yourself with Nashra?" He said, "Allah has cured me; I dislike to let evil spread among my people." [Saheeh Bukhaari, Volume 7, Book 71, Number 660; Saheeh Muslim, Book 026, Number 5428]
Every nation on earth has records of people who have practiced some form of magic. Although some of it may have been falsified, there is no way that they whole of mankind could have agreed to make up stories about magical events. Anyone who seriously contemplates the widespread presence of recorded instances of magical events will conclude that there must have been some reality to them. Haunted houses, Ouija boards, séances, voodoo, possessions, speaking in tongues and levitation all represent puzzles to those unfamiliar with the world of the jinn. All of these occur in various parts of the world. Even the Muslim world is plagued with it.
For example, many Shaykhs of the various extremist Soofi (mystical) orders are able to levitate, travel long distances in split instances of time, or produce food or money from nowhere. Their ignorant followers believe these feats of magic to be divine miracles and willingly give their wealth and lives in service to their Shaykhs. But being all of these phenomena lie the hidden and sinister world of the jinn.
The jinn are essentially invisible except for those who appear in the forms of snakes and dogs. However, they are able to take any form they wish, including human form. Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle deputed me to keep Sadaqat (al-Fitr) of Ramadan. A comer came and started taking handfuls of the foodstuff (of the Sadaqa) (stealthily). I took hold of him and said, "By Allah, I will take you to Allah's Apostle ." He said, "I am needy and have many dependents, and I am in great need." I released him, and in the morning Allah's Apostle asked me, "What did your prisoner do yesterday?" I said, "O Allah's Apostle! The person complained of being needy and of having many dependents, so, I pitied him and let him go." Allah's Apostle said, "Indeed, he told you a lie and he will be coming again." I believed that he would show up again as Allah's Apostle had told me that he would return. So, I waited for him watchfully. When he (showed up and) started stealing handfuls of foodstuff, I caught hold of him again and said, "I will definitely take you to Allah's Apostle. He said, "Leave me, for I am very needy and have many dependents. I promise I will not come back again." I pitied him and let him go.
In the morning Allah's Apostle asked me, "What did your prisoner do." I replied, "O Allah's Apostle! He complained of his great need and of too many dependents, so I took pity on him and set him free." Allah's Apostle said, "Verily, he told you a lie and he will return." I waited for him attentively for the third time, and when he (came and) started stealing handfuls of the foodstuff, I caught hold of him and said, "I will surely take you to Allah's Apostle as it is the third time you promise not to return, yet you break your promise and come." He said, "(Forgive me and) I will teach you some words with which Allah will benefit you." I asked, "What are they?" He replied, "Whenever you go to bed, recite "Ayat-al-Kursi"-- 'Allahu la ilaha illa huwa-l-Haiy-ul Qaiyum' till you finish the whole verse. (If you do so), Allah will appoint a guard for you who will stay with you and no satan will come near you till morning. " So, I released him. In the morning, Allah's Apostle asked, "What did your prisoner do yesterday?" I replied, "He claimed that he would teach me some words by which Allah will benefit me, so I let him go." Allah's Apostle asked, "What are they?" I replied, "He said to me, 'Whenever you go to bed, recite Ayat-al-Kursi from the beginning to the end ---- Allahu la ilaha illa huwa-lHaiy-ul-Qaiyum----.' He further said to me, '(If you do so), Allah will appoint a guard for you who will stay with you, and no satan will come near you till morning.' (Abu Huraira or another sub-narrator) added that they (the companions) were very keen to do good deeds. The Prophet said, "He really spoke the truth, although he is an absolute liar. Do you know whom you were talking to, these three nights, O Abu Huraira?" Abu Huraira said, "No." He said, "It was Satan." [Saheeh Bukhaari, Volume 3, Book 38, Number 505t;]
The jinn are also able to travel over vast distances instantaneously and enter human bodies and prepare them for their entry. Allah has seen fit to give them these extraordinary abilities as he has given other creatures abilities beyond those of man. Yet, He has chose man to be all creations.
If these basic facts about the jinn's abilities are kept in mind, all of the supernatural and magical incidents which aren't hoaxes can be easily explained. For example, jinns acting in their invisible form can easily make lights go on and off, pictures fall from the wall objects fly through the air and floors creak, causing the occupants of a house to believe that it is haunted.
Similarly, in the case of the Ouija board which appears to answer questions, the invisible prodding of the jinn can easily cause amazing results if the proper atmosphere is set. There is also the case of séances where the spirits of dead people communicate with the living. People who know the voices of their dead relatives hear them speak to them of incidents from their lives. This is accomplished by having the jinn which was assigned to the dead person summoned. It is this jinn which imitates the dead person's voice and relates incidents from the person's past. There is also the case of those who appear to be able to levitate or raise objects without touching them. They are simply lifted up into the air by the invisible hand of the jinn.
Those able to travel vast distances and be in two places at almost the same time are transported by their invisible companions. Likewise, those who are able to produce food or money from the air are aided by the invisible and fast – moving jinn. Even the amazing cases of apparent reincarnation are easily explained when the abilities of the jinn are kept in mind.
For example, a few years ago, a young girl in India related instances from her previous life in vivid and accurate detail. She described her former home which was in a province far away from where she lived. When people went there to check, the local people confirmed some of the details of her former life. [Colin Wilson, The Occult (New York: Random House, 1971), Pp. 514 – 515] The Prophet (peace be upon him) confirmed the possibility of satanic influence on humans' thoughts when he said, Narrated Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him): The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "Verily the dreams which a man sees in his sleep are of three types: a dream from ar – Rahmaan (Allah), a sad dream from Shaytaan, and subconscious dreams." [Sunan Abu Daawood, Vol. 3, Number 5001; and authenticated by Sheikh al –Albaani in Saheeh Sunan Abu Daawood, Vol. 3, Number 4197]
5. Possession and exorcism
There is no doubt that the jinn can also enter and affect the human body. Cases of possession are too numerous to count. It may be temporary, as in the case of many Christian sects where people work themselves into a physical and spiritual frenzy. At a certain point, the person becomes unconscious and begins to speak in foreign tongues. In that state the jinn enter their bodies and cackle on their lips. This phenomenon has also been recorded by some Soofi orders during their dhikr sessions. Or, possession may be of long term, where people may begin to act crazily or appear to have multiple personalities. They often exhibit superhuman strength or the jinn may actually take through them on a regular basis, as in the case of 'channels.'
Exorcism (the practice of expelling evil spirits or demons from possessed people or places) became widespread practice in Europe during the Middle Ages. The Christian practice of exorcism is based on a story related in the Gospels. When Jesus and his companions came to Gerasenes, they met a man who was possessed. Jesus commanded the demons to leave him. They left him and entered a herd of swine which was feeding on a hillside nearby. The herd then rushed down a steep bank into the lake and drowned. [See Matthew 8: 18 – 24, Mark 5: 1 – 20, and Luke 8: 26 – 39]
Exorcism has also become the topic of a number of films, such as "The Exorcist" and "Rosemary's Baby". The general attitude in the west is the exorcism is based on superstition. This attitude is the result of the excesses which took place in Europe during the Dark Ages and a general rejection of everything supernatural. But the practice of exorcism in recognized as valid in Islam, if it conforms to the Qur'an and Sunnah. There are essentially three methods of removing the jinn from a possessed person:
First, the jinn may be removed by summoning another jinn. This method is forbidden in Islam because the only way that the jinn may be called upon is by acts of sacrilege. The tenets of Islam have to be desecrated before the jinn may be beckoned. This is the vase where a magician or witch breaks a spell cast by another.
Second, the jinn may be removed by confirming disbelief in Islam or by worshipping it in some way. When the jinn is pleased by the kufr of the exorcist, it may leave. In doing so, it causes the exorcist to believe that his method is correct and divine, leading the person further away from the truth. This is the case of Christian priests who exorcise the jinn by calling on Jesus or the cross.
Third, the jinn may be expelled by using Qur'anic recitation and prayers seeking refuge in Allah. These methods help to change the atmosphere around the possessed. The jinn may then be driven out of the body by commands and curses, possibly even accompanied by blows. But all of this by itself is useless unless the one doing it has firm Eemaan (faith), confirmed with righteous deeds. Although some Muslims today openly deny possession, and others even go as far as to deny the existence of the jinn, both the Qur'an and the Sunnah say otherwise. There are a number of authentic traditions in which the Prophet (peace be upon him) is recorded as having exorcised people. There are also traditions of his Companions doing the same with his approval. The following narrations describe three different methods:
Ya'laa ibn Murrah said, "Once I went travelling with the Prophet (peace be upon him) and we came across a woman sitting with a child in the road. She said, 'O' Allah's Messenger this boy has been afflicted and has caused us many trials. I don't know how many times per day he is seized by spells!' The Prophet said, 'Give him to me.' So she raised him up to him and the Prophet put the boy in front of him in the middle of the saddle. He then opened the boy's mouth, blew (the Arabic word used is Nafatha, which means to put the tip of the tongue between the lips and blow, i.e., it is a cross between blowing, Nafakha, and spitting, Tafala) in it thrice and said, 'Bismillaah (in the name of Allah), I am a slave of Allah, so get away, enemy of Allah!' then he retuned the boy to the woman, and said, 'Meet us here on our return and tell us what happened.' Then we went and on our return, we found her at the same place. She had with her three sheep, so the Prophet asked, 'What did your boy do?' She replied, 'By the One Who has sent you with the truth, we haven't noticed anything wrong with him since then, so I've brought you these sheep.' The Prophet said to me, 'Dismount and take one. Then return the rest to her.'" [Collected by Ahmad and authenticated by al – Arnaa'oot in Ibn al – Qayyim's Zaad al – Ma'aad, Vol. 4, p. 68, ftn. 1]
Umm 'Abaan bint al – Waazi' reported that her grandfather Zaari' went with a delegation from their tribe to see the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). He brought along with him a son of his who was crazy. When he reaches Allah's Messenger, he said,
"I have a son with me who is crazy, so I've brought him for you to pray for him." The Prophet told him to bring him. So he took off his son's travelling clothes and put on some good clothes, then carried him to the Prophet. The Prophet said, "Bring him close to me and turn his back to me." The Prophet then grabbed the boy's clothes and began to hit him severely on his back while he was hitting him, he said, 'Get out, enemy of Allah! Enemy of Allah, get out!' the boy then began to look around as if he was all right. The Prophet sat him down infront of him and called for some water. He then wiped it on the boy's face and made a prayer for him. After the Prophet's prayer, there was none in the delegation who was better than the boy." [Collected at Tabaraani, Abu Daawood, at – Tayaalisi, from Matar ibn 'Abdur – Rahmaan (Usood al – Ghaabah, Vol. 2, p. 145). Ibn Hajr rated Umm 'Abaan as an acceptable narrator if there is another narrator to back her up, but this is not the case here, so this incident is weak. Bukhari also mention this narration in his book al – Adab al – Mufrad]
Khaarijah ibn as – Salt reported that his uncle said,
"Once, when we left Allah's Messenger's company, we came across a Bedouin tribe. Some of the said, 'We have been told that you have come with some good things from that man [i.e. the Prophet (peace be upon him)]. Do you have any medicine or incantation for a man possessed?' We answered, 'Yes,' so they brought a mad man bound in a spell. I recited the Faatihah over him every morning and evening for three days. Every time I completed the recitation, I would gather my saliva and spit. Finally, he got up as if he had broken free from being tied up. The Bedouins then brought me a gift as payment, so I said to them, 'I cant accept it until I ask Allah's Messenger.' When I asked the Prophet he said, 'Take it. For, by my life, whoever eats by way of false incantations will bear the burden of his sin. But you have earned that wage with an incantation of truth.'" [Sunan Abu Daawood, Vol. 3, Number 3887; authenticated by Sheikh al – Albaani in Saheeh Sunan Abu Daawood, Vol. 2, Number 3297]
6. The Islamic Penalty for magicians
Since both the practice and learning of magic is classified in Islam and Kufr, the Shari'ah set a very stiff sentence for anyone caught practicing it. The penalty for its practice is death for anyone who does not repent and give it up. This law is based on the following hadith reported by Jundub ibn K'ab: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "The prescribed punishment for the magician s that he be executed by the sword." [Sunan at – Tirmidhi. This hadith, though Da'eef (weak) in its chains of narration, has been upgraded to the level of Hasan (relatively authentic), due to supporting evidence. Three of the leading four legists (Ahmad, Abu Haneefah and Maalik) ruled according to it, while the fourth, ash – Shaafi'I, ruled that the magician should only be killed if his magic feats reached the level of Kufr (see Tayseer al – 'Azeez al – Hameed, p. 390 – 391)]
This law was applied vigorously by the Khulafaa' (Caliphs) who led the Muslim nation after the Prophet's death. Bajaalah ibn 'Abdah said that the Caliph 'Umar ibn al – Khattaab (may Allah be pleased him) sent a letter to the Muslim forces in conflict with Rome and Persia . They were told in it to inform all the Zoroastrians whom they found to dissolve marriages to their mothers, daughters and sisters. [Those who followed a revealed scripture, such as the Christians and Jews. This portion of the narration was collected in Saheeh Bukhaari, Vol. 4, Number 384; Sunan at – Tirmidhi; Sunan an – Nasaa'i] Finally, they were ordered to kill every fortune – teller and magician whom they found. Bajaalah said that on the basis of this order he personally executed three magicians. [Sunan Abu Daawood, Vol. 2, Number 3037; Sunan at – Tirmidhi; Sunan an – Nasaa'i]
Muhammad ibn 'Abdur – Rahmaan reported that Hafsah (may Allah be pleased with her), wife of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and daughter of 'Umar, had a servant girl of hers killed because she worked some magic on her. [Muwatta' Imaam Maalik, Number 1511. However, its chain of narrators is broken (Munqati') according to al – Arnaa'ut]
This punishment is also recorded in the Old Testament to this day, clearly showing he Jews and Christians that magic is forbidden: "A man or a woman who is a medium or a wizard shall be put to death; they shall be stoned with stones, their blood shall be upon them." [Leviticus 20:27]
After the time of the Righteous Caliphs, the laws became lax. The Umayyad kings not only allowed magicians and fortune – tellers to practice their forbidden arts, but they also introduced them into the royal court. Since the state sopped applying the law, some of the Sahaabah (Companions of the Prophet) took it upon themselves to enforce it.
Abu 'Uthmaan an – Nahdee reported that Caliph al – Waleed ibn 'Abdul – Maalik (Ruled 705 to 715 C.E.) had a man in his court who used to perform feats of magic. Once he severed a man's head and separated it completely from his body. When the shock of his deed electrified the audience, he proceeded to amaze them by rejoining the head to the body, and the man then appeared as if the head had never been cut off. The people in the audience gasped, "Subhaan'Allaah! (Glory be to Allah) He is also able to give life to the dead!" The Sahaabi Jundub al – Azdee noticed the commotion, so he came and watched the magician's performance closely. On the following day, he returned with his sword strapped along his back. When the magician stepped up to begin his show, Jundub burst through the crowd with his sword drawn and chopped off the head of the magician. He then turned to the startled audience and said, "If he was really able to bring life to the dead, let him bring himself back to life." al – Waleed had Jundub arrested and thrown in jail. [Collected by Bukhaari in his book of History]
The severity of the ruling on magicians is primarily to protect the weaker persons within society from falling into Shirk by attributing to magicians divine qualities that belong only to Allah. In addition to the sacrilege committed by those who practise witchcraft in earnest, magicians often claim for themselves supernatural powers and divine attributes in order to attract a following and earn undue fame.
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Further Reading :-
- The world of the Jinn & Devils by Umar S. al-Ashqar
- How to protect yourself From Jinn & Shaytaan by Waheed Abdussalam Bali
- Sword Against black Magic & Evil Magicians by Wahid Abdussalam Bali
- The Jinn & Human Sickness: Remedies in the light of the Quran & Sunnah by Dr. Abu'l Mundhir Khaleel
- Ibn Taymeeyahs Essay on the Jinn by Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips (translation and editor)
- The Exorcist Tradition in Islam by Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips
- Sickness Regulation & Exhortations by Muhammad al-Jibaly
And It is Only Allah Who grants success. May Allah Exalt the mention of His slave and Messenger Muhammad, and render him, his household and companion safe from Evil.
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